Open and short circuits, Impedance, Admittance and Hybrid parameters of any four terminal network, Kirchoff’s laws, Mesh and Node analysis.

Various Circuit theorems:

Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Maximum power transformer theorem  and Reciprocity theorem. 

p-n junction diodes, I-V characteristics, diode as a rectifier, half-wave and full-wave rectifiers : calculations of ripple factor, efficiency and regulation , bridge rectifiers.

Filters: Series inductor, shunt capacitor, L-section and p section filters.

Voltage regulation : Zener diode, breakdown voltage (avalanche and zener effect), voltage regulation, voltage multipliers.

Basic construction of pnp and npn transistors and their operation, Input and output characteristics of CB, CC and CE configurations, active, saturation and cut-off regions, Load line and Q-point, Two-port analysis of a transistor using h-parameters, Analysis of CB, CE and CC amplifier for current gain, voltage gain, input and output impedances using h-parameters,Gain-frequency response of an amplifier.

Concept of feed-back, positive and negative feedback, voltage and current feedback circuits (series and parallel circuits).

Advantages of negative feedback: Stabilization of gain, effect on input and output impedances, reduction of non-linear distortion, effect on gain-frequency response.

Oscillators: Barkhausen criterion, RC oscillators, Colpitt’s oscillator, Hartley oscillator, crystal oscillators and its advantages.

Transistors as a switch, Logic fundamentals: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR gates. Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s theorem, positive and negative logic, Logic gates circuit realization using DTL and TTL logic, Simplification of Boolean expressions.

Integrated Circuit Technology:

Integrated circuit vs. discrete components, Integrated circuit processing, Oxidation, diffusion, photolithography, epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition, Bipolar transistor fabrication.