Optics

Paper Code: 
PHY-202
Credits: 
03
Contact Hours: 
45.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

This course will enable the students to 

This course familiarizes the students with the phenomenon of interference, diffraction, polarization, LASER  and holography to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to recognize the usefulness of these phenomena in everyday life and also stimulate their interest in Physics.Further, the students also acquire knowledge of working principles and applications of LASER in Industry, Science and Technology.

Course Outcomes (COs):

 

Course

Learning outcome

(at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

PHY 202

Optics

(Theory)

The students will be able to –

CO25: Understand the concept of Fermat’s principle and apply it to prove laws of reflection and refraction, Refraction at a spherical surfaces and cardinal points.

CO26: Acquire Knowledge of interference and learn about Young’s double slit experiment, Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer and its Applications.

CO27: Demonstrate basic concepts of Diffraction: Superposition of wavelets diffracted from aperture, understand Fraunhoffer and Fresnel Diffraction.

CO28: Gain theKnowledge of electromagnetic waves, Polarization and Optical activity to solve the problems.

CO29: Learn how toDifferentiate ordinary ray from LASER ray, knowledge about lasers and Holography.

Approach in teaching:

Interactive Lectures, Discussion, Tutorials, Power point presentation,Problem Solving

Learning activities for the students:Self learning assignments, Effective questions, Seminar presentation, Solving numericals

Class test, Semester end examinations, Quiz, Solving problems in tutorials, Assignments, Presentations

10.00
Unit I: 
Geometrical Optics:
Fermat’s principle extremum path, Laws of reflection and refraction from Fermat’s principle, Refraction at a spherical surfaces (convex surface and concave surface) cardinal points ,construction of a image using cardinal points, Newton’s formula; Relationship between f1 and f2 ;Relationship between f1 , f2 , m1 and m2, Cardinal points of a coaxial system of two thin lens.
 

8.00
Unit II: 
Interference:
Young’s double slit experiment, types of interference: division of amplitude, division of wave front, Coherence: temporal and spatial coherence, Interference in thin films, colour in thin films, Newton’s rings, Determination of wavelength and refractive index of liquid by Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer, Applications of Michelson interferometer: determination of wavelength, difference of wavelength and thickness of thin films. 
 

9.00
Unit III: 
Diffraction:
Fresnel diffraction: Fresnel’s assumptions, Half period zones, Distinction between interference and diffraction, Difference between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, , diffraction at a  circular aperture, straight edge and thin slit, zone plate, difference between zone plate and a convex lens.
Franunhoffer diffraction: Diffraction at single slit, Diffraction at double slit, Diffraction at N slits( simple derivation), plane diffraction grating, dispersion by a grating, resolving power of a grating.
 

9.00
Unit IV: 
Polarization:
Plane electromagnetic waves. E and B of linearly, circularly, elliptically polarized electromagnetic waves.
Polarization by reflection, Huygens theory of double refraction, production and Analysis of plane, circularly and elliptically polarized light, Quarter and half wave plate.
Optical activity, specific rotation, Biquartz and half shade polarimeters.
 

9.00
Unit V: 
LASER and holography:
Difference between ordinary and LASER source, stimulated and spontaneous emission, Einstein A and B coefficients, Population inversion, Principle of laser action, Metastable states, Pumping, types of LASER, construction, working and energy levels schemes of He-Ne and Ruby laser, Applications of LASER.
Basic  concepts of holography, construction of hologram and reconstruction of image, important features of hologram and uses of holography.
 

Essential Readings: 
  •  “A textbook of Optics”, Brijlal and Subramaniam, S.Chand  & Company Ltd.,23rdedition.
  • “Essentials of Lasers and non-linear Optics”,G.D.Baruah, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
  •  “Text books of Optics and Atomic Physics”, D.P. Khandelwal, Himalaya Publishing House.
  • “Optics”, Ajoy Ghatak ,Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub.Co. Ltd, 2007.
  • “Physics Part II”, D.Halliday and R.Resnick, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Newyork.
  • “LASERS: Theory and Applications”, K.Thyagrajan, A.K.Ghatak, Macmillan India Ltd.

 

References: 

Academic Year: 
2021-2022
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